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      <section>
        <h2>The Background of Monasticism</h2>
        <h4>something before and something after</h4>
        <br> <br>
        <p style="text-align: right; font-size: 0.8em;">
          Allan Chain<br><br>
          School of Physics,<br>Peking University
        </p>
      </section>
      <section>
        <p class="fragment">hermit, solitary, but... not completely</p>
        <h2 class="fragment grow" data-fragment-index="1">Eremitic Monasticism</h2>
        <p class="fragment">from the sinfulness</p>
        <hr />
        <h2>Cenobitic Monasticism</h2>
      </section>
      <section>
        <section>
          <div style="float: left; width: 60%">
            <p>"Father of Monasticism"</p><br>
            <p style="font-size: 0.6em">
              <span class="fragment" data-autoslide="500">Anthony the Great,&nbsp;</span>
              <span class="fragment" data-autoslide="500">Anthony of Egypt,&nbsp;</span>
              <span class="fragment" data-autoslide="500">Antony the Abbot,&nbsp;</span>
              <span class="fragment" data-autoslide="500">Anthony of the Desert,&nbsp;</span>
              <span class="fragment" data-autoslide="500">Anthony the Anchorite,&nbsp;</span>
              <span class="fragment" data-autoslide="500">Anthony of Thebes,&nbsp;</span>
              <span class="fragment"><b>Father of All Monks</b></span>
              <br>
              <span class="fragment" style="color: #aaa">the Greek name for an ancient city in Upper Egypt</span>
            </p>
          </div>
          <p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" style="float: right">
            Anthony the Great<br>
            <img src="https://www.kevinrdshepherd.info/images/St_Anthony_Icon_3.jpg" alt="" /> <br>
            <span style="font-size: 0.5em">251 - 356</span>
          </p>
        </section>
        <section>
          <h2>Desert Fathers</h2>
          <p class="fragment">In the desert of <b>Egypt</b></p>
          <p class="fragment">Anthony the Great was the most <span style="font-style: italic;">well known</span></p>
          <p style="font-size:0.8em" class="fragment">Athanasius of Alexandria &emsp; <em>Life of St. Antony</em></p>
          <p class="fragment">"The desert had become a city."</p>
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <h2>Eremitic Monasticism</h2>
        <h2 class="fragment grow">Cenobitic Monasticism</h2>
      </section>
      <section>
        <p>Strong connection for pious but weaker ones</p>
        <br>
        <div class="fragment">
          <p>lived separately</p>
          <p>worked, ate, and worshipped in shared space.</p>
          <img
            src="https://photos.travelblog.org/Photos/371550/971771/f/9212142-Monks-cell-at-Hosias-Loukas-monastery-0.jpg"
            width="40%" alt="" />
          <img src="http://travelercorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Geghard-Monastery-inside.jpg" width="40%"
            alt="" />
        </div>
        <div class="fragment" style="
          position: absolute;
          top: 20%;
          left: 25%;
          font-size: 5em;
          color: #268bd2;
          ">RULE</div>
      </section>
      <section>
        <div style="float: left; width: 60%">
          <br>
          <div class="fragment" style="margin-top: -50px;">
            <p>Father of Spiritual Communal Monastic Life, First cenobitic Christian monastery.</p>
            <p>In Egypt</p>
          </div>
          <div style="border-radius: 40px; border: dashed 5px; font-size: 0.9em;">
            Rules of Pachomius <span style="font-size: 0.6em;">from Angel</span>
            <ul>collection of (somewhat strange)
              <li>instructions</li>
              <li>prohibitions</li>
              <li>for community life</li>
            </ul>
          </div>
        </div>
        <p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" style="float: right">
          Pachomius the Great<br>
          <img src="http://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/images/Saints/6283b9d3acc6ab071571e4859f6f37e6.jpg" alt="" />
          <br>
          <span style="font-size: 0.5em">292 - 348</span>
        </p>

      </section>
      <section>
        <h2>Mother-Rules</h2>
        <div class="fragment" style="float: left;">
          292 - 348<br>
          329 - 379<br>
          ~400<br>
          <div style="height: 190px;"></div>
          360 - 435<br>
          ~500<br>
          516<br>
        </div>
        <ul>
          <li>Rule of Pachomius from Egypt</li>
          <li>Rule of St Basil from Asia Minor</li>
          <li>Rule of St Augustine from North Africa</li>
        </ul>
        <div class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1">
          <h3>&dArr;</h3>
          <h3>Daughter-Rules</h3>
          <ol>
            <li>Cassian’s Institutes</li>
            <li>The Rules of the Master</li>
            <li>The Rule of St Benedict</li>
          </ol>
        </div>
        <p style="font-size: 0.8em;"><em>A History of Monastic Spirituality</em> by Luc Brésard</p>
      </section>
      <section>
        <p class="fragment">not used by any particular monastic community</p>
        <h2>Rule of the Master</h2>
        <h4>By Anonymous</h4>
        <ul>
          <li>precise regulations</li>
          <li>theological and spiritual</li>
        </ul>
        <div class="fragment">
          <p>&darr;</p>
          <p>Saint Benedict</p>
        </div>
      </section>
      <section>
        <section>
          <h2>Benedict of Nursia</h2>
          <div class="fragment" style="float:right; width:30%">
            <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Heiligenkreuz.St._Benedict.jpg" alt="" /> <br>
            <span style="font-size: 0.5em">480 - 547</span>
          </div>
          <div style="width: 60%; float: left">
            <p class="fragment">The most influential of Western monks </p>
            <p class="fragment">"The father of western monasticism" </p>
            <p class="fragment">detailed practical convincing</p>
            <p class="fragment">written constitution</p>
          </div>
        </section>
        <section>
          <h2>Emperor Charlemagne</h2>
          <img src="http://a3.att.hudong.com/31/09/14300000937988128747098023446.jpg" width="30%" alt="" />
          <img class="fragment"
            src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Louis-F%C3%A9lix_Amiel_-_Charlemagne_empereur_d%27Occident_%28742-814%29.jpg/300px-Louis-F%C3%A9lix_Amiel_-_Charlemagne_empereur_d%27Occident_%28742-814%29.jpg"
            alt="" />
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <section>
          <ul>
            <li>united the majority of western and central Europe
              <ul>
                <li>king of the Franks from 768</li>
                <li>king of the Lombards from 774</li>
                <li>emperor of the Romans from 800</li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li>great military conqueror</li>
            <li>Benedictine: all his people &rArr; Christian
              <ul>
                <li>spread of Benedictine monasteries</li>
                <li>copy of theological manuscripts</li>
              </ul>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </section>
        <section>
          <p>Carolingian Empire<br>(first phase of the Holy Roman Empire)</p>
          <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Francia_814.svg/500px-Francia_814.svg.png"
            alt="">
        </section>
      </section>
      <section>
        <h1 style="color: #226688">Thank you</h1>
      </section>
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